March 10 — 這一天在歷史上的記錄
284 條目
事件
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241 BC
First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end.
First Punic War · Battle of the Aegates Islands · Roman Republic · Carthage
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298
Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa against the Berbers, and makes a triumphal entry into Carthage.
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947
The Later Han is founded by Liu Zhiyuan. He declares himself emperor and establishes the capital in Bian, present-day Kaifeng.
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1607
Susenyos I defeats the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros II at the Battle of Gol in Gojjam, making him Emperor of Ethiopia.
Susenyos I · Yaqob · Abuna · Gojjam · Emperor of Ethiopia
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1629
Charles I of England dissolves Parliament, beginning the eleven-year period known as the Personal Rule.
Charles I of England · Parliament of England · Personal Rule
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1735
An agreement between Nader Shah and Russia is signed near Ganja, Azerbaijan and Russian troops are withdrawn from Baku.
-
1762
French Huguenot Jean Calas, who had been wrongly convicted of killing his son, dies after being tortured by authorities; the event inspired Voltaire to begin a campaign for religious tolerance and legal reform.
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1804
Louisiana Purchase: In St. Louis, Missouri, a formal ceremony is conducted to transfer ownership of the Louisiana Territory from France to the United States.
Louisiana Purchase · St. Louis, Missouri · Three Flags Day · Louisiana Territory · France
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1814
Emperor Napoleon I is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France.
-
1816
Crossing of the Andes: A group of royalist scouts are captured during the Action of Juncalito.
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1830
The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army is created.
-
1848
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the Mexican-American War.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo · United States Senate · Mexican-American War
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1861
El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of Ségou, destroying the Bamana Empire of Mali.
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1876
The first successful test of a telephone is made by Alexander Graham Bell.
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1891
Almon Strowger, an undertaker in Topeka, Kansas, patents the Strowger switch, a device which led to the automation of telephone circuit switching.
-
1906
The Courrières mine disaster, Europe's worst ever, kills 1099 miners in northern France.
-
1909
By signing the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, Thailand relinquishes its sovereignty over the Malay states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu, which become British protectorates.
Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 · Thailand · Sovereignty · Malay states · Kedah
-
1915
The Battle of Neuve Chapelle begins. This is the first large-scale operation by the British Army in WWI.
-
1917
Some provinces and cities in the Philippines are incorporated due to the ratification of Act No. 2711 or the Administrative Code of the Philippines.
Provinces of the Philippines · Cities of the Philippines · Philippines
-
1922
Mahatma Gandhi is arrested in India, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years in prison, only to be released after nearly two years for an appendicitis operation.
-
1933
The 6.4 Mw Long Beach earthquake affects the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 115-120 people dead, and causing an estimated $40 million in damage.
1933 Long Beach earthquake · Greater Los Angeles Area · Mercalli intensity scale
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1944
Greek Civil War: The Political Committee of National Liberation is established in Greece by the National Liberation Front.
Greek Civil War · Political Committee of National Liberation · National Liberation Front (Greece)
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1945
The U.S. Army Air Force firebombs Tokyo, and the resulting conflagration kills more than 100,000 people, mostly civilians.
United States Army Air Forces · Bombing of Tokyo · Conflagration
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1952
Fulgencio Batista leads a successful coup in Cuba and appoints himself as the "provisional president".
-
1959
Tibetan uprising: Fearing an abduction attempt by China, thousands of Tibetans surround the Dalai Lama's palace to prevent his removal.
-
1966
Military Prime Minister of South Vietnam Nguyễn Cao Kỳ sacked rival General Nguyễn Chánh Thi, precipitating large-scale civil and military dissension in parts of the nation.
South Vietnam · Nguyễn Cao Kỳ · Nguyễn Chánh Thi · Buddhist Uprising
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1968
Vietnam War: Battle of Lima Site 85, concluding the 11th with largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members (12) during that war.
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1969
In Memphis, Tennessee, James Earl Ray pleads guilty to assassinating Martin Luther King, Jr. He later unsuccessfully attempts to recant.
Memphis, Tennessee · James Earl Ray · Martin Luther King, Jr
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1970
Vietnam War: Captain Ernest Medina is charged by the U.S. military with My Lai war crimes.
-
1975
Vietnam War: Ho Chi Minh Campaign: North Vietnamese troops attack Ban Mê Thuột in the South on their way to capturing Saigon in the final push for victory over South Vietnam.
1975 Spring Offensive · North Vietnam · Battle of Ban Me Thuot · Saigon
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1977
Astronomers discover the rings of Uranus.
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1990
In Haiti, Prosper Avril is ousted 18 months after seizing power in a coup.
Haiti · Prosper Avril · Coup
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2000
The Nasdaq Composite stock market index peaks at 5132.52, signaling the beginning of the end of the dot-com boom.
-
2006
The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter arrives at Mars.
-
2017
The impeachment of President Park Geun-hye of South Korea in response to a major political scandal is unanimously upheld by the country's Constitutional Court, ending her presidency.
Impeachment of Park Geun-hye · President of South Korea · Park Geun-hye · South Korea · 2016 South Korean political scandal
著名出生
-
852
Qian Liu, Chinese warlord and king (d. 932)
-
1415
Vasily II, Grand Prince of Moscow (d. 1462)
-
1430
Oliviero Carafa, Catholic cardinal (d. 1511)
-
1452
Ferdinand II, king of Castile and León (d. 1516)
Ferdinand II of Aragon · Kingdom of Castile · Kingdom of León
-
1503
Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1564)
-
1536
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, English politician, Earl Marshal of the United Kingdom (d. 1572)
-
1549
Francis Solanus, Spanish missionary and saint (d. 1610)
-
1590
Dietrich Reinkingk, German lawyer and politician (d. 1664)
-
1604
Johann Rudolf Glauber, German-Dutch alchemist and chemist (d. 1670)
-
1607
Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, English statesman (d. 1667)
-
1628
François Girardon, French sculptor (d. 1715)
-
1628
Marcello Malpighi, Italian physician and biologist (d. 1694)
-
1652
Giacomo Serpotta, Italian Rococo sculptor (d. 1732)
-
1653
John Benbow, Royal Navy admiral (d. 1702)
-
1709
Georg Wilhelm Steller, German botanist, zoologist, physician, and explorer (d. 1746)
-
1745
John Gunby, American general (d. 1807)
-
1749
Lorenzo Da Ponte, Italian-American priest and poet (d. 1838)
-
1769
Joseph Williamson, English businessman and philanthropist (d. 1840)
-
1772
Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, German poet and critic (d. 1829)
-
1777
Louis Hersent, French painter (d. 1860)
-
1787
Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo, Spanish playwright and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1862)
Francisco de Paula Martínez de la Rosa y Berdejo · Prime Minister of Spain
-
1787
William Etty, English painter and academic (d. 1849)
-
1788
Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, German author, poet, playwright, and critic (d. 1857)
-
1788
Edward Hodges Baily, English sculptor (d. 1867)
-
1795
Joseph Légaré, Canadian painter and glazier, artist, seigneur and political figure (d. 1855)
-
1810
Samuel Ferguson, Irish poet and lawyer (d. 1886)
-
1844
Pablo de Sarasate, Spanish violinist and composer (d. 1908)
-
1844
Marie Euphrosyne Spartali, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1927)
-
1845
Alexander III of Russia (d. 1894)
-
1846
Edward Baker Lincoln, American son of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1850)
-
1849
Hallie Quinn Brown, African-American educator, writer and activist (d. 1949)
-
1850
Spencer Gore, English tennis player and cricketer (d. 1906)
-
1853
Thomas Mackenzie, Scottish-New Zealand cartographer and politician, 18th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1930)
-
1864
Ādams Alksnis, Latvian painter (d. 1897)
-
1867
Hector Guimard, French-American architect, designed the La Bluette (d. 1942)
-
1867
Lillian Wald, American nurse, humanitarian, and author, founded the Henry Street Settlement (d. 1940)
-
1870
David Riazanov, Russian theorist and politician (d. 1938)
-
1873
Jakob Wassermann, German-Austrian soldier and author (d. 1934)
-
1876
Edvard Eriksen, Danish-Icelandic sculptor and woodcarver (d. 1959)
-
1876
Anna Hyatt Huntington, American sculptor (d. 1973)
-
1881
Jessie Boswell, English painter (d. 1956)
-
1885
Tamara Karsavina, Russian-English ballerina and educator (d. 1978)
-
1888
Barry Fitzgerald, Irish actor (d. 1961)
-
1889
Toshitsugu Takamatsu, Japanese martial artist and educator (d. 1972)
-
1890
Gakuryō Nakamura, Japanese painter and designer (d. 1969)
-
1891
Sam Jaffe, American actor and engineer (d. 1984)
-
1892
Arthur Honegger, French-Swiss composer and educator (d. 1955)
-
1892
Gregory La Cava, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1952)
-
1896
Frederick Coulton Waugh, British cartoonist, painter, teacher and author (d. 1973)
-
1900
Violet Brown, Jamican supercentenarian, oldest Jamican ever (d. 2017) [1]
-
1900
Pandelis Pouliopoulos, Greek lawyer and politician (d. 1943)
-
1901
Michel Seuphor, Belgian painter (d. 1999)
-
1903
Bix Beiderbecke, American cornet player, pianist, and composer (d. 1931)
-
1903
Clare Boothe Luce, American playwright, journalist, and diplomat, United States Ambassador to Italy (d. 1987)
-
1914
Chandler Harper, American golfer (d. 2004)
-
1914
K. P. Ratnam, Sri Lankan academic and politician (d. 2010)
-
1915
Harry Bertoia, Italian-American sculptor and furniture designer (d. 1978)
-
1915
Joža Horvat, Croatian writer (d. 2012)
-
1916
Davie Fulton, Canadian lawyer, judge, and politician (d. 2000)
-
1917
David Hare, American Surrealist artist, sculptor, photographer and painter (d. 1992)
-
1917
Frank Perconte, American soldier (d. 2013)
-
1918
Günther Rall, German general and pilot (d. 2009)
-
1919
Marion Hutton, American singer and actress (d. 1987)
-
1920
Alfred Peet, Dutch-American businessman, founded Peet's Coffee & Tea (d. 2007)
-
1920
Boris Vian, French author and playwright (d. 1959)
-
1922
Kiyoshi Yamashita, Japanese painter (d. 1971)
-
1923
Val Logsdon Fitch, American physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)
-
1924
Judith Jones, literary and cookbook editor (d. 2017)
-
1925
Bob Lanier, American lawyer, banker, and politician, 58th Mayor of Houston (d. 2014)
-
1926
Marques Haynes, American basketball player (d. 2015)
-
1927
Claude Laydu, Belgian-French actor, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2011)
-
1927
Paul Wunderlich, German painter, sculptor and graphic artist (d. 2010)
-
1928
Sara Montiel, Spanish actress (d. 2013)
-
1928
James Earl Ray, American criminal; assassin of Martin Luther King Jr. (d. 1999)
-
1929
Sam Steiger, American journalist and politician (d. 2012)
-
1930
Sándor Iharos, Hungarian runner (d. 1996)
-
1931
Georges Dor, Canadian author, playwright, and composer (d. 2001)
-
1932
Marcia Falkender, Baroness Falkender, English politician
-
1932
Udupi Ramachandra Rao, Indian physicist and engineer
-
1933
Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell, Argentinian poet and translator (d. 2004)
-
1934
Gergely Kulcsár, Hungarian javelin thrower and coach
-
1935
Graham Farmer, Australian footballer and coach
-
1936
Sepp Blatter, Swiss businessman
-
1936
Alfredo Zitarrosa, Uruguayan singer-songwriter and journalist (d. 1989)
-
1938
Norman Blake, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
-
1938
Ieronymos II of Athens, Greek archbishop
-
1939
Asghar Ali Engineer, Indian activist and author (d. 2013)
-
1939
Hugh Johnson, English author and critic
-
1939
Irina Press, Ukrainian-Russian hurdler and pentathlete (d. 2004)
-
1940
Chuck Norris, American actor, producer, and martial artist
-
1940
David Rabe, American playwright and screenwriter
-
1943
Peter Berresford Ellis, English historian and author
-
1945
Katharine Houghton, American actress and playwright
-
1945
Madhavrao Scindia, Indian politician, Indian Minister of Railways (d. 2001)
-
1946
Gérard Garouste, French contemporary artist
-
1946
Mike Hollands, Australian animator and director, founded Act3animation
-
1946
Jim Valvano, American basketball player and coach (d. 1993)
-
1947
Kim Campbell, Canadian lawyer and politician, 19th Prime Minister of Canada
-
1948
Austin Carr, American basketball player and sportscaster
-
1949
Bill Buxton, Canadian computer scientist and academic
-
1949
Barbara Corcoran, American businesswoman and television personality
-
1952
Morgan Tsvangirai, Zimbabwean politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
-
1953
Paul Haggis, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter
-
1954
Didier Barbelivien, French singer-songwriter
-
1955
Toshio Suzuki, Japanese race car driver
-
1956
Robert Llewellyn, English actor, producer, and screenwriter
-
1956
Larry Myricks, American long jumper and sprinter
-
1957
Osama bin Laden, Saudi Arabian terrorist, founded al-Qaeda (d. 2011)
-
1958
Garth Crooks, English footballer and sportscaster
-
1958
Steve Howe, American baseball player (d. 2006)
-
1958
Sharon Stone, American actress and producer
-
1961
Laurel Clark, American captain, physician, and astronaut (d. 2003)
-
1961
Bobby Petrino, American football player and coach
-
1962
Jasmine Guy, American actress, singer, and director
-
1962
Seiko Matsuda, Japanese singer-songwriter and actress
-
1963
Jeff Ament, American bass player and songwriter
-
1963
Felipe Ramos, Mexican footballer and referee
-
1963
Rick Rubin, American record producer, founded Def Jam Recordings
-
1964
Neneh Cherry, Swedish singer-songwriter
-
1964
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
-
1964
Jojo Lastimosa, Filipino basketball player and coach
-
1964
Nikola Mladenov, Macedonian journalist (d. 2013)
-
1965
Jillian Richardson, Canadian sprinter
-
1965
Rod Woodson, American football player, coach, and sportscaster
-
1966
Edie Brickell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
-
1966
Mike Timlin, American baseball player
-
1967
Omer Tarin, Pakistani-English poet and scholar
-
1968
Thio Li-ann, Singaporean lawyer and academic
-
1968
Pavel Srníček, Czech footballer and coach (d. 2015)
-
1970
Matt Barlow, American singer-songwriter
-
1971
Jon Hamm, American actor and director
-
1972
Timbaland, American rapper and producer
-
1973
Jason Croker, Australian rugby league player and coach
-
1973
Chris Sutton, English footballer and manager
-
1973
Mauricio Taricco, Argentinian footballer and manager
-
1974
Cristián de la Fuente, Chilean-American model, actor, and producer
-
1975
Jamie Arnold, American-Israeli basketball player and coach
-
1976
Barbara Schett, Austrian tennis player and sportscaster
-
1977
Robin Thicke, American singer
-
1978
Camille, French singer-songwriter and actress
-
1978
Neil Alexander, Scottish footballer
-
1980
Lars Horntveth, Norwegian saxophonist and composer
-
1981
Samuel Eto'o, Cameroonian footballer and manager
-
1981
Ángel López, Spanish footballer
-
1981
Steven Reid, English-Irish footballer and manager
-
1982
Kwame Brown, American basketball player
-
1982
Keke Wyatt, American singer-songwriter and actress
-
1982
Phillip D. Isaacs, Canadian philanthropist, LGBTQ-ect activist and singer
-
1983
Étienne Boulay, Canadian football player
-
1983
Rafe Spall, English actor
-
1983
Janet Mock, American journalist, author, and activist
-
1983
Carrie Underwood, American singer-songwriter and actress
-
1984
Ben May, English footballer
-
1984
Olivia Wilde, American actress and producer
-
1985
Lassana Diarra, French footballer
-
1985
Casey Dienel, American singer-songwriter and pianist
-
1987
Martellus Bennett, American football player
-
1987
Greg Eastwood, New Zealand rugby league player
-
1987
Ebba Jungmark, Swedish high jumper
-
1987
Tuukka Rask, Finnish ice hockey player
-
1987
Liu Shishi, Chinese actress and ballerina
-
1988
Josh Hoffman, Australian-New Zealand rugby league player
-
1992
Neeskens Kebano, French-born Congolese football player
-
1993
Jack Butland, English footballer
-
1995
Zach LaVine, American basketball player
-
1995
Sergey Mozgov, Russian ice dancer
-
1997
Julia Barretto, Filipino actress and singer
-
1997
Belinda Bencic, Swiss tennis player
著名死亡
-
483
Pope Simplicius
- 933
-
948
Liu Zhiyuan, Shatuo founder of the Later Han dynasty (b. 895)
-
1039
Eudes, Duke of Gascony
-
1222
Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201)
-
1289
Maud de Lacy, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester, English noble (b. 1223)
- 1291
-
1315
Agnes Blannbekin, Austrian mystic (b. c.1244)
-
1391
Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)
-
1476
Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr (b. 1430)
-
1510
Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss priest and theologian (b. 1445)
-
1513
John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, English commander and politician, Lord High Constable of England (b. 1443)
John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford · Lord High Constable of England
-
1527
Nam Gon, Korean writer and prime minister (b. 1471)
-
1528
Balthasar Hübmaier, influential German/Moravian Anabaptist leader (b. 1480)
-
1572
William Paulet, 1st Marquess of Winchester (b. c. 1483)
-
1585
Rembert Dodoens, Flemish physician and botanist (b. 1517)
-
1588
Theodor Zwinger, Swiss physician and scholar (b. 1533)
-
1670
Johann Rudolf Glauber, German-Dutch chemist and engineer (b. 1604)
-
1724
Urban Hjärne, Swedish chemist, geologist, and physician (b. 1641)
-
1776
Élie Catherine Fréron, French author and critic (b. 1719)
-
1792
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Scottish politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1713)
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute · Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
-
1823
George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith, Scottish admiral and politician (d. 1746)
-
1832
Muzio Clementi, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1752)
-
1861
Taras Shevchenko, Ukrainian poet, playwright, and ethnographer (b. 1814)
-
1872
Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian journalist and politician (b. 1805)
-
1898
Marie-Eugénie de Jésus, French nun and saint, founded the Religious of the Assumption (b. 1817)
-
1895
Charles Frederick Worth, English-French fashion designer, founded the House of Worth (b. 1826)
-
1897
Savitribai Phule, Indian poet and activist (b. 1831)
-
1910
Karl Lueger, Austrian lawyer and politician Mayor of Vienna (b. 1844)
-
1910
Carl Reinecke, German pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1824)
-
1913
Harriet Tubman, American nurse and activist (b. 1820)
-
1925
Myer Prinstein, Polish-American jumper and lawyer (b. 1878)
-
1930
Misuzu Kaneko, Japanese poet and songwriter (b. 1903)
-
1937
Yevgeny Zamyatin, Russian journalist and author (b. 1884)
-
1940
Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian novelist and playwright (b. 1891)
-
1942
Wilbur Scoville, American pharmacist and chemist (b. 1865)
-
1948
Zelda Fitzgerald, American author, poet, and dancer (b. 1900)
-
1948
Jan Masaryk, Czech soldier and politician (b. 1886)
-
1951
Kijūrō Shidehara, Japanese lawyer and politician, 44th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1872)
-
1965
Archibald Frazer-Nash, English engineer, founded Frazer Nash (b. 1889)
-
1966
Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1888)
-
1966
Frank O'Connor, Irish short story writer, novelist, and poet (b. 1903)
-
1977
E. Power Biggs, English-American organist and composer (b. 1906)
-
1982
Minoru Shirota, Japanese physician and microbiologist, invented Yakult (b. 1899)
-
1985
Konstantin Chernenko, Russian soldier and politician, 8th Head of State of The Soviet Union (b. 1911)
Konstantin Chernenko · List of heads of state of the Soviet Union
-
1985
Bob Nieman, American baseball player and scout (b. 1927)
-
1986
Ray Milland, Welsh-American actor and director (b. 1905)
-
1988
Andy Gibb, Manx-Australian singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1958)
-
1989
Kermit Beahan, American colonel and pilot (b. 1918)
-
1990
Pat McDonald, Australian actress (b. 1921)
-
1992
Giorgos Zampetas, Greek bouzouki player and composer (b. 1925)
-
1996
Ross Hunter, American film producer (b. 1926)
-
1997
LaVern Baker, American singer and actress (b. 1929)
-
1998
Lloyd Bridges, American actor and director (b. 1913)
-
1999
Oswaldo Guayasamín, Ecuadorian painter and sculptor (b. 1919)
-
2001
Massimo Morsello, Italian singer-songwriter (b. 1958)
-
2004
Renos Apostolidis, Greek philologist, author, and critic (b. 1924)
-
2005
Dave Allen, Irish-English comedian, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1936)
-
2006
Anna Moffo, American soprano (b. 1932)
-
2007
Ernie Ladd, American football player and wrestler (b. 1938)
-
2010
Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Egyptian scholar and academic (b. 1928)
-
2011
Bill Blackbeard, American author and illustrator (b. 1926)
-
2012
Bert R. Bulkin, American engineer (b. 1929)
-
2012
Jean Giraud, French author and illustrator (b. 1938)
-
2012
Mykola Plaviuk, Ukrainian politician, President Ukrainian People's Republic in Exile (b. 1925)
-
2012
Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1927)
-
2012
Tan Boon Teik, Malaysian-Singaporean lawyer and politician, Attorney-General of Singapore (b. 1929)
-
2013
Jim Anderson, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. 1930)
-
2013
Robert Chrisman, American poet, scholar, and critic, co-founded The Black Scholar (b. 1937)
-
2013
Danny Zialcita, Filipino director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1940)
-
2014
Don Ingalls, American writer and producer (b. 1918)
-
2014
Samuel W. Lewis, American diplomat, United States Ambassador to Israel (b. 1930)
-
2014
Joe McGinniss, American journalist and author (b. 1942)
-
2014
Rob Williams, American basketball player (b. 1961)
-
2015
Richard Glatzer, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1952)
-
2016
Ken Adam, German-English production designer and art director (b. 1921)
-
2016
Keith Emerson, English keyboard player and songwriter (b. 1944)
-
2016
Roberto Perfumo, Argentinian footballer and sportscaster (b. 1942)
-
2016
Jovito Salonga, Filipino lawyer and politician, 14th President of the Senate of the Philippines (b. 1920)
-
2016
Anita Brookner, English novelist and art historian (b. 1928)
-
2017
Joni Sledge, American singer and songwriter (b. 1956)