July 13 — Ce Jour-là dans l'Histoire
290 entrées
Événements
-
587 BC
Babylon's siege of Jerusalem ends following the destruction of Solomon's Temple.
-
1174
William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
William the Lion · Rebellion · Revolt of 1173-74 · Alnwick · Henry II of England
-
1249
Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
Coronation · Alexander III of Scotland · Kingdom of Scotland
-
1260
The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
-
1558
Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes at Gravelines.
Battle of Gravelines (1558) · Lamoral, Count of Egmont · Paul de Thermes · Gravelines
-
1573
Eighty Years' War: The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months.
-
1643
English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down: In England, Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, heavily defeats the Parliamentarian forces led by Sir William Waller.
English Civil War · Battle of Roundway Down · Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester · Cavalier · Roundhead
-
1787
The Continental Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory. It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery.
Continental Congress · Northwest Ordinance · Northwest Territory · Slavery in the United States
-
1793
Journalist and French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat is assassinated in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a member of the opposing political faction.
-
1794
The Battle of the Vosges is fought between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria.
-
1814
The Carabinieri, the national gendarmerie of Italy, is established.
-
1830
The General Assembly's Institution, now the Scottish Church College, one of the pioneering institutions that ushered the Bengali renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.
Scottish Church College · Bengali renaissance · Alexander Duff (missionary) · Ram Mohan Roy · Kolkata
-
1854
In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General José María Yáñez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon.
-
1863
New York City draft riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of rioting which will be later regarded as the worst in United States history.
New York City draft riots · Conscription · History of the United States
-
1878
Treaty of Berlin: The European powers redraw the map of the Balkans. Serbia, Montenegro and Romania become completely independent of the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty of Berlin (1878) · Balkans · Serbia · Montenegro · Romania
-
1919
The British airship R34 lands in Norfolk, England, completing the first airship return journey across the Atlantic in 182 hours of flight.
-
1923
The Hollywood Sign is dedicated in the Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles. It originally reads "Hollywoodland," but the four last letters are dropped after renovation in 1949.
-
1941
World War II: Montenegrins begin a popular uprising against the Axis powers (Trinaestojulski ustanak).
World War II · Montenegro · Uprising in Montenegro · Axis powers
-
1956
John McCarthy(Dartmouth College), Marvin Minsky(MIT), Claude Shannon (Bell Labs), and Nathaniel Rochester (IBM) assemble the first coordinated research meeting on the topic of "Artificial Intelligence" at Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH. USA.
-
1962
In an unprecedented action, British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismisses seven members of his Cabinet, marking the effective end of the National Liberals as a distinct force within British politics.
Harold Macmillan · Night of the Long Knives (1962) · National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)
-
1973
Alexander Butterfield reveals the existence of the "Nixon tapes" to the special Senate committee investigating the Watergate break-in.
Alexander Butterfield · Nixon White House tapes · United States Senate · Watergate scandal
-
1977
Somalia declares war on Ethiopia, starting the Ogaden War.
-
1977
New York City: Amidst a period of financial and social turmoil experiences an electrical blackout lasting nearly 24 hours that leads to widespread fires and looting.
History of New York City (1946-77) · New York City blackout of 1977
-
1985
The Live Aid benefit concert takes place in London and Philadelphia, as well as other venues such as Moscow and Sydney.
Live Aid · Benefit concert · London · Philadelphia · Moscow
-
1985
Vice President George H. W. Bush becomes the Acting President for the day when President Ronald Reagan undergoes surgery to remove polyps from his colon.
Vice President of the United States · George H. W. Bush · Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution · Ronald Reagan · Polyp (medicine)
-
2003
French DGSE personnel abort an operation to rescue Íngrid Betancourt from FARC rebels in Colombia, causing a political scandal when details are leaked to the press.
Directorate-General for External Security · Opération 14 juillet · Íngrid Betancourt · FARC · Colombia
-
2008
Battle of Wanat begins when Taliban and al-Qaeda guerrillas attack US Army and Afghan National Army troops in Afghanistan. The U.S. deaths were, at that time, the most in a single battle since the beginning of operations in 2001.
Battle of Wanat · Taliban · Al-Qaeda · Afghan National Army · War in Afghanistan (2001-present)
-
2011
Mumbai is rocked by three bomb blasts during the evening rush hour, killing 26 and injuring 130.
-
2011
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1999 is adopted, which admits South Sudan to member status of United Nations.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1999 · South Sudan
-
2013
Typhoon Soulik kills at least nine people and affects more than 160 million in East China and Taiwan.
-
2016
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron resigns, and is succeeded by Theresa May.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom · David Cameron · Theresa May
Naissances Célèbres
-
100 BC
Julius Caesar, Roman general and statesman (d. 44 BC)
-
1426
Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (d. 1492)
-
1478
Giulio d'Este, illegitimate son of Italian noble (d. 1561)
-
1470
Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici, Catholic cardinal (d. 1528)
-
1527
John Dee, English-Welsh mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer (d. 1609)
-
1579
Arthur Dee, English physician and chemist (d. 1651)
-
1590
Pope Clement X (d. 1676)
-
1606
Roland Fréart de Chambray (d. 1676)
-
1607
Wenceslaus Hollar, Czech-English painter and illustrator (d. 1677)
-
1608
Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1657)
-
1745
Robert Calder, Scottish-English admiral (d. 1818)
-
1756
Thomas Rowlandson, English artist and caricaturist (d. 1827)
-
1760
István Pauli, Hungarian-Slovene priest and poet (d. 1829)
-
1770
Alexander Balashov, Russian general and politician, Russian Minister of Police (d. 1837)
Alexander Balashov · Ministry of Police of the Russian Empire
-
1793
John Clare, English poet and author (d. 1864)
-
1821
Nathan Bedford Forrest, American general and first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (d. 1877)
-
1831
Arthur Böttcher, German pathologist and anatomist (d. 1889)
-
1841
Otto Wagner, Austrian architect, designed the Austrian Postal Savings Bank and Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station (d. 1918)
Otto Wagner · Austrian Postal Savings Bank · Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station
-
1858
Stewart Culin, American ethnographer and author (d. 1929)
-
1859
Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield, English economist and politician, Secretary of State for the Colonies (d. 1947)
Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield · Secretary of State for the Colonies
-
1863
Margaret Murray, British archaeologist, anthropologist, historian, and folklorist (d. 1963)
-
1864
John Jacob Astor IV, American colonel and businessman (d. 1912)
-
1877
Robert Henry Mathews, Australian linguist and missionary (d. 1970)
-
1884
Yrjö Saarela, Finnish wrestler and coach (d. 1951)
-
1889
Emma Asson, Estonian educator and politician (d. 1965)
-
1889
Stan Coveleski, American baseball player (d. 1984)
-
1892
Léo-Pol Morin, Canadian pianist, composer, and educator (d. 1941)
-
1892
Jonni Myyrä, Finnish-American discus and javelin thrower (d. 1955)
-
1894
Isaac Babel, Russian short story writer, journalist, and playwright (d. 1940)
-
1895
Sidney Blackmer, American actor (d. 1973)
-
1896
Mordecai Ardon, Israeli painter and educator (d. 1992)
-
1898
Julius Schreck, German commander (d. 1936)
-
1900
George Lewis, American clarinet player and songwriter (d. 1969)
-
1901
Eric Portman, English actor (d. 1969)
-
1903
Kenneth Clark, English historian and author (d. 1983)
-
1905
Alfredo M. Santos, Filipino general (d. 1990)
-
1907
George Weller, American author, playwright, and journalist (d. 2002)
-
1908
Dorothy Round, English tennis player (d. 1982)
-
1908
Tim Spencer, American country & western singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1974)
-
1910
Lien Gisolf, Dutch high jumper (d. 1993)
-
1910
Loren Pope, American journalist and author (d. 2008)
-
1913
Dave Garroway, American journalist and television personality (d. 1982)
-
1913
Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller, Danish businessman (d. 2012)
-
1913
Kay Linaker, American actress and screenwriter (d. 2008)
-
1915
Kaoru Ishikawa, Japanese author and educator (d. 1989)
-
1918
Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (d. 1955)
-
1918
Ronald Bladen, American painter and sculptor (d. 1988)
-
1918
Marcia Brown, American author and illustrator (d. 2015)
-
1919
Hau Pei-tsun, 13th Premier of the Republic of China
-
1921
Ernest Gold, Austrian-American composer and conductor (d. 1999)
-
1922
Leslie Brooks, American actress (d. 2011)
-
1922
Anker Jørgensen, Danish trade union leader and politician, 16th Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 2016)
-
1922
Ken Mosdell, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2006)
-
1923
Ashley Bryan, American children's book writer & illustrator
-
1924
Johnny Gilbert, American game show host and announcer
-
1925
Suzanne Zimmerman, American competition swimmer and Olympic medalist
-
1926
Robert H. Justman, American director, producer, and production manager (d. 2008)
-
1926
T. Loren Christianson, American politician
-
1926
Thomas Clark, American politician
-
1927
Simone Veil, French lawyer and politician, 12th President of the European Parliament (d. 2017)
-
1927
Ian Reed, Australian discus thrower
-
1928
Bob Crane, American actor (d. 1978)
-
1928
Sven Davidson, Swedish-American tennis player (d. 2008)
-
1929
Sofia Muratova, Russian gymnast (d. 2006)
-
1930
Sam Greenlee, American author and poet (d. 2014)
-
1930
Naomi Shemer, Israeli singer-songwriter (d. 2004)
-
1931
Frank Ramsey, American basketball player and coach
-
1932
Hubert Reeves, Canadian-French astrophysicist and author
-
1933
David Storey, English author, playwright, and screenwriter (d. 2017)
-
1933
Piero Manzoni, Italian artist (d. 1963)
-
1934
Peter Gzowski, Canadian journalist and academic (d. 2002)
-
1934
Gordon Lee, English footballer and manager
-
1934
Wole Soyinka, Nigerian author, poet, and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate
-
1934
Aleksei Yeliseyev, Russian engineer and astronaut
-
1935
Jack Kemp, American football player and politician, 9th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (d. 2009)
Jack Kemp · United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
-
1935
Earl Lovelace, Trinidadian journalist, author, and playwright
-
1935
Kurt Westergaard, Danish cartoonist
-
1936
Albert Ayler, American saxophonist and composer (d. 1970)
-
1937
Ghillean Prance, English botanist and ecologist
-
1939
Lambert Jackson Woodburne, South African admiral (d. 2013)
-
1940
Tom Lichtenberg, American football player and coach (d. 2013)
-
1940
Paul Prudhomme, American chef and author (d. 2015)
-
1940
Patrick Stewart, English actor, director, and producer
-
1941
Grahame Corling, Australian cricketer
-
1941
Robert Forster, American actor and producer
-
1941
Ehud Manor, Israeli songwriter and translator (d. 2005)
-
1941
Jacques Perrin, French actor, director, and producer
-
1942
Harrison Ford, American actor and producer
-
1942
Roger McGuinn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
-
1943
Chris Serle, English journalist and actor
-
1944
Eric Freeman, Australian cricketer
-
1944
Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (d. 1991)
-
1944
Erno Rubik, Hungarian game designer, architect, and educator, invented the Rubik's Cube
-
1945
Ashley Mallett, Australian cricketer and author
-
1946
Bob Kauffman, American basketball player and coach (d. 2015)
-
1946
Cheech Marin, American actor and comedian
-
1948
Catherine Breillat, French director and screenwriter
-
1950
George Nelson, American astronomer and astronaut
-
1950
Ma Ying-jeou, Hong Kong-Taiwanese commander and politician, 12th President of the Republic of China
-
1950
Jurelang Zedkaia, Marshallese politician, 5th President of the Marshall Islands (d. 2015)
Jurelang Zedkaia · List of Presidents of the Marshall Islands
-
1951
Rob Bishop, American educator and politician
-
1951
Didi Conn, American actress and singer
-
1954
Ray Bright, Australian cricketer
-
1954
Louise Mandrell, American singer-songwriter and actress
-
1955
Mark Mendoza, American bass player and songwriter
-
1956
Michael Spinks, American boxer
-
1957
Thierry Boutsen, Belgian race car driver and businessman
-
1957
Cameron Crowe, American director, producer, and screenwriter
-
1959
Richard Leman, English field hockey player
-
1960
Robert Abraham, American football player
-
1960
Ian Hislop, Welsh-English journalist and screenwriter
-
1960
Curtis Rouse, American football player (d. 2013)
-
1961
Tahira Asif, Pakistani politician (d. 2014)
-
1961
Anders Jarryd, Swedish tennis player
-
1961
Khalid Mahmood, Pakistani-English engineer and politician
-
1961
Stelios Manolas, Greek footballer and manager
-
1961
Tim Watson, Australian footballer, coach, and journalist
-
1962
Tom Kenny, American voice actor and screenwriter
-
1962
Rhonda Vincent, American singer-songwriter and mandolin player
-
1963
Neal Foulds, English snooker player and sportscaster
-
1964
Charlie Hides, American drag queen and comedian
-
1964
Paul Thorn, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
-
1965
Eileen Ivers, American fiddler
-
1965
Colin van der Voort, Australian rugby league player
-
1966
Gerald Levert, American R&B singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (d. 2006)
-
1966
Natalia Luis-Bassa, Venezuelan-English conductor and educator
-
1966
Matthew Fox, American actor
-
1967
Richard Marles, Australian lawyer and politician, 50th Australian Minister for Trade and Investment
Richard Marles · Minister for Trade and Investment (Australia)
-
1967
Mark McGowan, Australian politician, 30th Premier of Western Australia
-
1969
Brad Godden, Australian rugby league player
-
1969
Ken Jeong, American actor, comedian, and physician
-
1969
Oleg Serebrian, Moldovan political scientist and politician
-
1970
Andrei Tivontchik, German pole vaulter and trainer
-
1971
Mark Neeld, Australian footballer and coach
-
1972
Justin Edwards, English actor and writer
-
1974
Deborah Cox, Canadian singer-songwriter and actress
-
1974
Jarno Trulli, Italian race car driver
-
1975
Mariada Pieridi, Cypriot singer-songwriter
-
1976
Sheldon Souray, Canadian ice hockey player
-
1977
Chris Horn, American football player
-
1978
Ryan Ludwick, American baseball player
-
1978
Prodromos Nikolaidis, Greek basketball player
-
1979
Craig Bellamy, Welsh footballer
-
1979
Daniel Díaz, Argentinian footballer
-
1979
Libuše Průšová, Czech tennis player
-
1979
Lucinda Ruh, Swiss figure skater and coach
-
1981
Ágnes Kovács, Hungarian swimmer
-
1981
Mirco Lorenzetto, Italian cyclist
-
1982
Shin-Soo Choo, South Korean baseball player
-
1982
Simon Clist, English footballer
-
1982
Dominic Isaacs, South African footballer
-
1982
Nick Kenny, Australian rugby league player
-
1982
Yadier Molina, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
-
1983
Kristof Beyens, Belgian sprinter
-
1983
Marco Pomante, Italian footballer
-
1983
Liu Xiang, Chinese hurdler
-
1984
Ida Maria, Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist
-
1985
Trell Kimmons, American sprinter
-
1985
Guillermo Ochoa, Mexican footballer
-
1985
Charlotte Dujardin, English equestrian
-
1988
Marcos Paulo Gelmini Gomes, Brazilian-Italian footballer
-
1988
Colton Haynes, American actor, model and singer
-
1988
Raúl Spank, German high jumper
-
1989
Justin Chua, Filipino basketball player
-
1989
Charis Giannopoulos, Greek basketball player
-
1990
Kieran Foran, New Zealand rugby league player
-
1990
Eduardo Salvio, Argentinian footballer
-
1992
Elise Matthysen, Belgian swimmer
-
1993
Daniel Bentley, English footballer
-
1995
Cody Bellinger, American baseball player
Décès Célèbres
-
574
Pope John III
-
716
Emperor Ruizong of Tang (b. 662)
-
815
Wu Yuanheng, Chinese poet and politician (b. 758)
-
884
Huang Chao, Chinese rebel leader (b. 835)
-
939
Pope Leo VII
-
982
Pandulf II of Salerno
-
982
Landulf IV of Benevento
-
1024
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 973)
-
1105
Rashi, Jewish commentator on the Tanakh and Talmud (b. 1040)
-
1205
Hubert Walter, English archbishop and politician, Lord Chancellor of The United Kingdom (b. 1160)
-
1357
Bartolus de Saxoferrato Italian academic and jurist (b. 1313)
-
1380
Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France (b. c. 1320)
-
1399
Peter Parler, German architect, designed St. Vitus Cathedral and Charles Bridge (b. 1330)
-
1399
Elizabeth Bonifacia of Poland, Heiress presumptive of Poland (b. 1399)
-
1402
Jianwen Emperor of China (b. 1377)
-
1491
Afonso, Prince of Portugal (b. 1475)
-
1551
John Wallop, English soldier and diplomat (b. 1490)
-
1617
Adam Wenceslaus, Duke of Cieszyn (b. 1574)
-
1621
Albert VII, Archduke of Austria (b. 1559)
-
1626
Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (b. 1563)
-
1628
Robert Shirley, English soldier and diplomat (b. 1581)
-
1629
Caspar Bartholin the Elder, Swedish physician and theologian (b. 1585)
-
1683
Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex, English politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (b. 1631)
Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex · Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
-
1755
Edward Braddock, Scottish general (b. 1695)
-
1762
James Bradley, English priest and astronomer (b. 1693)
-
1789
Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, French economist and academic (b. 1715)
-
1793
Jean-Paul Marat, French physician and theorist (b. 1743)
-
1807
Henry Benedict Stuart, Italian cardinal (b. 1725)
-
1881
John C. Pemberton, American general (b. 1814)
-
1889
Robert Hamerling, Austrian author, poet, and playwright (b. 1830)
-
1890
John C. Frémont, American general and politician, 5th Territorial Governor of Arizona (b. 1813)
-
1890
Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Estonian journalist and poet (b. 1819)
-
1893
Young Man Afraid of His Horses, American tribal chief (b. 1836)
-
1896
August Kekulé, German chemist and academic (b. 1829)
-
1907
Henrik Sillem, Dutch target shooter and jurist (b. 1866)
-
1911
Allan McLean, Scottish-Australian politician, 19th Premier of Victoria (b. 1840)
-
1921
Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourger physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)
-
1922
Martin Dies, Sr., American journalist and politician (b. 1870)
-
1927
Mimar Kemaleddin Bey, Turkish architect and academic, designed the Tayyare Apartments (b. 1870)
-
1934
Mary E. Byrd, American astronomer and academic (b. 1849)
-
1936
Kojo Tovalou Houénou, Beninese lawyer and politician (b. 1887)
-
1941
Ilmar Raud, Estonian chess player (b. 1913)
-
1945
Alla Nazimova, Russian-American actress, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1879)
-
1946
Alfred Stieglitz, American photographer and curator (b. 1864)
-
1949
Walt Kuhn, American painter and academic (b. 1877)
-
1951
Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian-American composer and painter (b. 1874)
-
1954
Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter and educator (b. 1907)
-
1960
Joy Davidman, American-English poet and author (b. 1915)
-
1965
Photis Kontoglou, Greek painter and illustrator (b. 1895)
-
1967
Tom Simpson, English cyclist (b. 1937)
-
1970
Leslie Groves, American general and engineer (b. 1896)
-
1973
Willy Fritsch, German actor and screenwriter (b. 1901)
-
1974
Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1897)
-
1976
Frederick Hawksworth, English engineer (b. 1884)
-
1976
Joachim Peiper, German SS officer (b. 1915)
-
1979
Ludwig Merwart, Austrian painter and illustrator (b. 1913)
-
1980
Seretse Khama, Botswana lawyer and politician, 1st President of Botswana (b. 1921)
-
1983
Gabrielle Roy, Canadian engineer and author (b. 1909)
-
1993
Davey Allison, American race car driver (b. 1961)
-
1995
Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, Danish businessman (b. 1920)
-
1996
Pandro S. Berman, American director, producer, and production manager (b. 1905)
-
1997
Miguel Ángel Blanco, Spanish politician (b. 1968)
-
1999
Konstantinos Kollias, Greek general and politician, 168th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1901)
-
2000
Jan Karski, Polish-American activist and academic (b. 1914)
-
2003
Compay Segundo, Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1907)
-
2005
Robert E. Ogren, American zoologist (b. 1922)
-
2006
Red Buttons, American actor (b. 1919)
-
2007
Michael Reardon, American mountaineer (b. 1965)
-
2008
Bronisław Geremek, Polish historian and politician, Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1932)
-
2010
Manohari Singh, Indian saxophonist and composer (b. 1931)
-
2010
George Steinbrenner, American businessman (b. 1930)
-
2011
Allan Jeans, Australian footballer and coach (b. 1933)
-
2012
Warren Jabali, American basketball player (b. 1946)
-
2012
Jerzy Kulej, Polish boxer and politician (b. 1940)
-
2012
Richard D. Zanuck, American film producer (b. 1934)
-
2013
Leonard Garment, American lawyer and public servant, 14th White House Counsel (b. 1924)
-
2013
Henri Julien, French race car driver (b. 1927)
-
2013
Cory Monteith, Canadian actor and singer (b. 1982)
-
2013
Ottavio Quattrocchi, Italian businessman (b. 1938)
-
2013
Vernon B. Romney, American lawyer and politician, 14th Attorney General of Utah (b. 1924)
-
2013
Marc Simont, French-American author and illustrator (b. 1915)
-
2014
Thomas Berger, American author and playwright (b. 1924)
-
2014
Alfred de Grazia, American political scientist, author, and academic (b. 1919)
-
2014
Nadine Gordimer, South African novelist, short story writer, and activist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1923)
-
2014
Jeff Leiding, American football player (b. 1961)
-
2014
Lorin Maazel, French-American violinist, composer, and conductor (b. 1930)
-
2015
Philipp Mißfelder, German historian and politician (b. 1979)
-
2015
Martin Litchfield West, English scholar, author, and academic (b. 1927)
-
2017
Liu Xiaobo, Chinese literary critic, human rights activist (b. 1955)